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Evidence to Improve Care

Behavioural Symptoms of Dementia - Clinical Guide

Care for Patients in Hospitals and Residents in Long-Term Care Homes

Click below to see a list of brief quality statements and scroll down for more information.​​


Quality standards are sets of concise statements designed to help health care professionals easily and quickly know what care to provide, based on the best evidence. ​

See below for the quality statements and click for more detail.​


Quality Statement 1: Comprehensive Assessment
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression receive a comprehensive interprofessional assessment when symptoms are first identified and after each transition in care.


Quality Statement 2: Individualized Care Plan
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression have an individualized care plan that is developed, implemented, and reviewed on a regular basis with caregivers and agreed upon by substitute decision-makers. Ongoing review and update of care plans includes documentation of behavioural symptoms and the person’s responses to interventions.


Quality Statement 3: Individualized Nonpharmacological Interventions
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression receive nonpharmacological interventions that are tailored to their specific needs, symptoms, and preferences, as specified in their individualized care plan.


Quality Statement 4: Indications for Psychotropic Medications
People living with dementia are prescribed psychotropic medications to help reduce agitation or aggression only when they pose a risk of harm to themselves or others or are in severe distress.


Quality Statement 5: Titrating and Monitoring Psychotropic Medications
People living with dementia who are prescribed psychotropic medications to help reduce agitation or aggression are started on low dosages, with the dosage increased gradually to reach the minimum effective dosage for each patient, within an appropriate range. Target symptoms for the use of the psychotropic medication are monitored and documented.


Quality Statement 6: Switching Psychotropic Medications
People living with dementia who are prescribed psychotropic medications to help reduce agitation or aggression have their medication discontinued and an alternative psychotropic medication prescribed if symptoms do not improve after a maximum of 8 weeks. Ineffective medications are discontinued to avoid polypharmacy. The reasons for the changes in medication and the consideration of alternative psychotropic medications are documented.


Quality Statement 7: Medication Review for Dosage Reduction or Discontinuation
People living with dementia who are prescribed psychotropic medications to help reduce agitation or aggression receive a documented medication review on a regular basis to consider reducing the dosage or discontinuing the medication.


Quality Statement 8: Mechanical Restraint
People living with dementia are not mechanically restrained to manage agitation or aggression.


Quality Statement 9: Informed Consent
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression are advised of the risks and benefits of treatment options, and informed consent is obtained and documented before treatment is initiated. If a person with dementia is incapable of consenting to the proposed treatment, informed consent is obtained from their substitute decision-maker.


Quality Statement 10: Specialized Interprofessional Care Team
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression have access to services from an interprofessional team that provides specialized care for the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.


Quality Statement 11: Provider Training and Education
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression receive care from providers with training and education in the assessment and management of dementia and its behavioural symptoms.


Quality Statement 12: Caregiver Training and Education
Caregivers of people living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression have access to comprehensive training and education on dementia and its associated behavioural symptoms. This training and education includes management strategies that are consistent with people’s care plans.


Quality Statement 13: Appropriate Care Environment
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression whose behavioural symptoms have been successfully treated are transitioned to an appropriate care environment as soon as possible.


Quality Statement 14: Transitions in Care
People living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression who transition between settings have a team or provider who is accountable for coordination and communication. This team or provider ensures the transmission of complete and accurate information to the family, caregivers, and receiving providers prior to the transition.

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Medication Review for Dosage Reduction or Discontinuation

People living with dementia who are prescribed psychotropic medications to help reduce agitation or aggression receive a documented medication review on a regular basis to consider reducing the dosage or discontinuing the medication.


Evidence for the effectiveness of psychotropic medications to treat behavioural symptoms in dementia is usually based on short-term trials (e.g., 12–20 weeks long); the benefit of long-term (i.e., maintenance) medication therapy is unclear. Because of the risk of severe adverse events from these types of medications, people living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression who are prescribed psychotropic medications should be considered for regular dosage reductions or medication discontinuation by an interprofessional team once the behavioural symptoms have stabilized. However, it is important to consider the risk for relapse in behavioural symptoms during or after the withdrawal of medication.

For Patients

There should be a regular review of your medications to see if the dosage can be reduced or the medications stopped altogether.


For Clinicians

If prescribing psychotropic medications to a person with dementia, conduct and document a medication review at least once a month in hospital or every 3 months in long-term care to determine whether the dosage can be reduced or discontinued.


For Health Services

Ensure there are systems, processes, and resources in place in hospitals and longterm care homes to conduct regular documented medication reviews for people who are prescribed psychotropic medications. These reviews should occur at least once a month in hospital or every 3 months in long-term care.

Process Indicator

Percentage of people living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression who are on psychotropic medications who have had a medication review (within the past month in an inpatient setting or within the past 3 months in a long-term care home)

  • Denominator: total number of people living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression who are receiving a psychotropic medication

  • Numerator: number of people in the denominator who have had a medication review (within the past month in an inpatient setting or within the past 3 months in a long-term care home)

  • Data source: local data collection

  • Percentage of people living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression who are on psychotropic medications and who have their psychotropic medications tapered or discontinued during a medication review

  • Denominator: total number of people living with dementia and symptoms of agitation or aggression who are receiving a psychotropic medication and have undergone a medication review

  • Numerator: number of people in the denominator who have their psychotropic medications tapered or discontinued during a medication review

  • Data source: local data collection

  • Medication review

    This is performed at least once a month in a hospital inpatient setting or every 3 months in a long-term care setting, or sooner according to clinical need.

    Psychotropic medications

    These categories of psychotropic medications are typically used for reducing symptoms of agitation and aggression in people living with dementia:

    • Antipsychotics

    • Antidepressants

    • Mood stabilizers

    • Benzodiazepines

    • Other hypnotics

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